Dual Canadian citizenship and citizenship by descent: current guidance

Check both countries’ rules

Canadian law does not generally require you to give up another nationality to become Canadian. Whether you retain another citizenship depends on that country’s laws. Check its official consular guidance before making decisions.

Children born outside Canada

Do not rely on older advice saying citizenship can never pass beyond the first generation born abroad. Bill C-3 changed those rules on December 15, 2025. Eligibility depends on when the person was born or adopted and the Canadian parent’s circumstances.

The substantial connection requirement

For a child born abroad on or after December 15, 2025 to a Canadian parent who was also born abroad, the rules may require the parent to show at least 1,095 days of physical presence in Canada before the child’s birth. Adoption has its own application rules. Read the official eligibility guidance rather than assuming citizenship is automatic in every case.

Get proof when you need it

Use IRCC’s citizenship certificate process to establish or document citizenship where applicable. A passport and a citizenship certificate serve different purposes. A practice-test purchase does not establish citizenship status.

Preparing for naturalization

If you are applying for a grant of citizenship and must take the test, having another nationality does not replace the knowledge requirement. Use Discover Canada and the instructions sent by IRCC.

Put your reading into practice

Start with the free exam. If you want more practice, Premium is $14.99 CAD once. We are an independent service; read the official guide and our purchase terms.

Try the free exam See Premium details